Nitrofurantoin
Indications
Nitrofurantoin is specifically indicated for the treatment & prophylaxis of urinary tract infections caused by susceptible strains of Escherichia coli, Enterococci, Staphylococcus aureus, Staphylococcus saprophyticus and certain susceptible strains of Klebsiella and Enterobacter species.
Pharmacology
Nitrofurantoin is an antibacterial agent specific for urinary tract infections. Nitrofurantoin is highly soluble in urine, to which it may impart a brown color. Nitrofurantoin inactivates or alters bacterial ribosomal proteins and other macromolecules. Nitrofurantoin has been shown to be active against the following bacteria: Gram-Positive Aerobes Staphylococcus saprophyticus, Coagulase-negative staphylococci (including Staphylococcus epidermidis), Enterococcus faecalis, Staphylococcus aureus, Streptococcus agalactiae, Group D streptococci, Viridans group streptococci. Gram-Negative Aerobes- Escherichia coli, Citrobacter amalonaticus, Citrobacter diversus, Citrobacter freundii, Klebsiella oxytoca, Klebsiella ozaenae.
Dosage
Nitrofurantoin tablet (In adults):
- Uncomplicated urinary tract infections: 50-100 mg four times a day- the lower dosage level is recommended. Therapy should be continued for one week or for at least 3 days after sterility of the urine is obtained.
- For long-term suppressive therapy: In adults, a reduction of dosage to 50-100 mg at bedtime may be adequate.
- Acute Uncomplicated Urinary Tract Infections (UTIs): 50 mg four times daily for 7 days.
- Long term suppression: 50-100 mg once a day.
- Prophylaxis: 50 mg four times daily for the duration of procedure and for three days thereafter.
- Adults and Children over 12 years: One 100 mg capsule every 12 hours for seven days.
- Genito-urinary surgical prophylaxis: One capsule twice daily on day of procedure and for next 3 days.
- 7 to 11 kg: ½ (2.5 ml) teaspoonfuls 4 times daily.
- 12 to 21 kg: 1 (5 ml) teaspoonfuls 4 times daily.
- 22 to 30 kg: 1½ (7.5 ml) teaspoonfuls 4 times daily.
- 31 to 41 kg: 2 (10 ml) teaspoonfuls 4 times daily.
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Administration
Nitrofurantoin should be taken with food.
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Interaction
Antacids containing Magnesium Trisilicate, when administered concomitantly with Nitrofurantoin, reduce both the rate and extent of absorption of Uricosuric drugs, such as Probenecid and Sulfinpyrazone, can inhibit renal tubular secretion of Nitrofurantoin.
Contraindications
Anuria, oliguria or significant impairment of renal function are contraindications. This drug is contraindicated in pregnant patients at 38-42 weeks, during labor and delivery. Nitrofurantoin is also contraindicated in those patients with known hypersensitivity to Nitrofurantoin.
Side Effects
The most frequent clinical adverse events are nausea, headache, and flatulence. Other less occurred adverse events are diarrhea, dyspepsia, abdominal pain, constipation, emesis, dizziness and drowsiness.
Pregnancy & Lactation
Pregnancy Category B. There are no adequate and well-controlled studies in pregnant women. This drug should be used during pregnancy only if clearly needed. Nitrofurantoin has been detected in human breast milk in trace amounts. Because of the potential for serious adverse reactions from Nitrofurantoin in nursing infants under one month of age, a decision should be made whether to discontinue nursing or to discontinue the drug, taking into account the importance of the drug to the mother.
Precautions & Warnings
If acute, sub-acute or chronic pulmonary reactions occur, Nitrofurantoin should be discontinued. Antacid preparations containing magnesium trisilicate should not be taken while taking Nitrofurantoin.
Overdose Effects
Occasional incidents of acute overdosage of Nitrofurantoin have not resulted in any specific symptoms other than vomiting. Induction of emesis is recommended.
Therapeutic Class
Systemic Urinary Anti- infective
Storage Conditions
Do not store above 30°C. Keep away from light and out of the reach of children.
